Oxford   Tags: bibliography, citation, citing, footnote, footnotes, oxford, reference, reference list, references, referencing, style guide  

PLEASE NOTE

Before you write your Reference List or Bibliography, check with your lecturer or tutor which style they prefer you to use and follow all the instructions included with your assignment.

Oxford is a citation style that uses footnotes at the bottom of the page unlike in-text citation styles such as Harvard and APA. This guide is a brief description of the Oxford citation style described in:

Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn., Canberra, ACT., AGPS, 2002.

Contents - Introduction Page

• Oxford All Examples & Basic Examples PDFs
• Getting Started
• Footnotes
• The Reference List
• Quotes in your essay
• Referencing Info Someone Else has cited
  

Reference Formats

Books/eBooks

• 1, 2, 3 or More Authors
• No Author
• Editor
• Chapter in a Book
• Translator and Author
• Organisation as Author
• eBook from the Library Catalogue, a Library Database, WebCT or e-Reserve
• Book from the Web
• Multiple Works Same Author
• An Author who has been cited in the book you are citing

Journal Articles

• 1, 2, 3 or More Authors
• Article from the Library Catalogue, a Library Database, WebCT or e-Reserve
• Article from the Web

Newspapers

• Article from the Library Catalogue, a Library Database, WebCT or e-Reserve
• Separate Section of a Newspaper
• No Author

Internet/Websites

• Web Document
• Website
• Blog
• Web Image

Lecture Notes

• Lecture Notes from WebCT or e-Reserve
• Lecture Recording

Theses

• Print
• Online

Conference Proceedings

• Conference Paper

Personal Communications

• Interview
• Letter or Correspondence
• Email

Multi-Media Formats

• Film or Documentary
• Podcast
• Web Video (YouTube)
   

All Examples

• A table of examples in all formats for quick reference

Sample Reference List

There are two components to referencing in the Oxford style: 

• Footnote Citations at the bottom of your page.
• A Reference List at the end of your essay.

The Footnote Citation:

All sources of information such as quotes or borrowed ideas must be acknowledged in your essay.

In the Oxford style a superscript number is inserted at the point in your essay where you cite another author's work. At the bottom of the same page repeat the superscript number then follow it with the full details, including the page number, of the author's work you are citing, see example below. Start your footnote numbering at ¹ and continue the sequence throughout your essay. Note the line at the bottom of the page that separates the text of your essay from the footnotes.

Footnote Example:

... was by no means the first to make this classical connection. As Dr. Peter Londey says of Bean he
'turned for inspiration to the new, young radical democracy of Athens in the fifth century BC'.¹ Yet an
early report of the Gallipoli landing indicated that the strain of the battle caused discipline to break
down and for many soldiers to 'lose they way'.² In the intervening years public opinion has oscillated
between these two points of view, remaining steadfastly 'pro ANZAC' until the end of the 1950s,³ then
anti-war during the 1960s and 1970s, settling in the last decade to somewhere in the middleground.⁴

^{__________________________________________________________}

¹ P. Londey, 'A Possession Forever: Charles Bean, the Ancient Greeks, and Military Commemoration  
in Australia', Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol. 53, no. 3, 2007, p. 345.
² M. Lake and H. Reynolds, What's Wrong with ANZAC?: The Militisation of Australian History, Sydney, University of New South Wales Press, 2010, p. 8.
³ Londey, 'A Possession Forever', p. 352.
⁴ Lake and Reynolds, What's Wrong with ANZAC?, p. 38.

Please Note: If you are frequently citing a particular work in your essay, give the full details of the work in your first footnote and then in subsequent footnotes for this work use the shortened format of: author surname, abbreviated title (i.e. no subtitle), and the page number. See footnotes 3 and 4 in the example above for the shortened footnote format. Always include the full details of the work in your Reference List.


The Reference List:

Your Reference List should be located on a separate page at the end of your essay and titled: Reference List. It should include the details of all your footnotes, arranged alphabetically A-Z by author surname, click on the 'Sample Reference List' tab above for more details. The terms ‘Bibliography’ and ‘Reference List’ are often used interchangeably, however a Reference List only includes items you have referenced in your assignment whereas a Bibliography also includes items used to prepare your assignment. Check with your lecturer or tutor which one they require. Other points to note:

• In your footnotes, the author’s given name precedes the surname i.e. P. Grimshaw, while in the Reference List the surname comes first i.e. Grimshaw, P.
• If the work has no author use the first substantive word of the title (not The or A) to insert it into the alphabetical sequence.
• In the Reference List include the full page range of a journal article or book chapter, e.g. pp. 165-217. Page numbers are not required for entire books in the Reference List.
• If you have cited more than one work by the same author, you should arrange them by date with the earliest first. If the dates are the same add a lower case letter after the date to differentiate between two such publications, e.g. 1996a, 1996b. See 'Flannery' in the 'Sample Reference List'. Use this convention in your footnotes as well.
• For examples of citing different formats of works in your Reference List click on the Reference Formats tab above. 

Please Note: Some lecturers require your Reference List to be divided into Primary and Secondary Sources. Click on the Sample Reference List tab above for more details.

Direct quotes under 30 words are included in the body of your essay enclosed in single inverted commas and followed immediately with a superscript number that refers to a footnote at the bottom of your page, e.g.

in recent years this has become more apparent. As Jennifer Craik notes 'at best, an Australian sense
of style is regarded as anything that is practical, informal and casual'.¹

If a direct quote is 30 words or more it is called a block quote. For block quotes, omit the quotation marks, start the quote as a new paragraph on a new line and indent the whole quote 1 cm from the left-hand margin of the page. Don't indent from the right hand margin. Introduce the quote with a colon. As a rule block quotes should be used sparingly in your essay. As for a short quote, a superscript number is inserted immediately after the quote, e.g.

The Australian cultural renaissance of the post-war era is well documented but it is debatable whether the concept of an Australian fashion identity has permeated beyond our shores: 

The idea of "fashion" as being a characteristic of Australian culture is frequently regarded as a non sequitur. Fashion is seen as belonging to far-flung cosmopolitan sites elsewhere while Australia is a far-flung site cut off from the trappings of civilization. Equally, Australia has long been regarded as being cut off from the "finer things" of civility, fashion,and good taste. At best, an Australian sense of style is regarded as anything that is practical, informal, and casual—T-shirts, practical footwear, moleskin trousers, and wide-brim hats; as an outfit thrown together without much thought.¹

If you read an article or book that includes a quote from another author's work that you want to cite, this is called a Secondary Source. For quotes from Secondary Sources include the details of both works in your footnote, as below.

¹⁰ A. Smith, Italian Architecture, Melbourne, VIC, Penguin, 2000, cited in D. Brown, Renaissance Italy, London, Faber and Faber, 2002, p. 45. 

However, in your Reference List only include the source where you found the information, e.g.

        Reference List

           Brown, D., Renaissance Italy, London, Faber and Faber, 2002.

Note: use this method of quoting Secondary Sources sparingly. You should always try to locate the original source of information which is quoted in a work which you have read. However, this is not always possible as sometimes the original work is out of print, unavailable through your usual sources or not available in English.